Resilient infrastructure currently faces two concatenated global challenges. First, many high-income countries, particularly those that industrialised in the 19th and early-to-mid 20th century, need to replace large quantities of obsolete infrastructure assets that have outlived their design life, while strengthening resilience to new and existing hazards. Second, social, and economic development in many LMICs is constrained by a large infrastructure deficit, aggravated by weak infrastructure governance and growing contingent liabilities due to disaster risk. At the same time, international agreement on the need to reduce emissions and mitigate climate change is mandating a rapid transition from carbon-locked-in infrastructure to low, zero or negative emission infrastructure in both high-income countries, as well as in LMIC (Seto et al., 2016).