This Working Paper on “Economic Impacts: Downstream Consequences of Infrastructure Failures” examines how disruptions in critical infrastructure systems generate cascading effects across economies. It highlights that infrastructure resilience is central to economic stability, as failures in energy, water, and transport systems disrupt productivity, livelihoods, and essential services. Adopting a systemic approach, the analysis combines the Global Infrastructure Risk Model and Resilience Index (GIRI) with the Green Economy Model (GEM) to capture both direct damages and broader macroeconomic impacts. The findings show that indirect economic losses significantly exceed direct infrastructure damages. Across eight countries, indirect costs are on average 7.4 times higher and can reach up to 16 times in some cases. Infrastructure failures are projected to reduce GDP growth by an average of 5.2 percent annually between 2025 and 2050, with losses rising to 7.4 percent by 2050 and exceeding 12–14 percent in highly vulnerable countries. The results highlight that recovery speed is a key determinant of economic outcomes. Faster and more complete reconstruction, supported by strong financing and institutional mechanisms, can substantially reduce long-term losses. Planning for resilience must therefore account for both direct damages and their cascading economic effects.